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Objective:To study the effect of iodine excess on antioxidant capacity and blood lipid in adult.Methods:A survey was conducted in areas with different iodine nutrition levels in Shandong and Shanxi provinces to collect fasting morning urine and venous blood samples of adults. Urinary iodine, serum levels of superoxide dismutase(SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), total cholesterol (TCHO), triglyceride (TG), apolipoprotein A1 (apoA1) and apolipoprotein B (apoB), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were determined. According to the median urinary iodine of the population in the investigated village, they were divided into appropriate iodine group (100-299 μg/L) and iodine excess group (≥300 μg/L) . Multiple linear regression was used to analyze the effects of iodine nutrition and other factors on oxidative stress indexes and blood lipids. Partial correlation analysis was used to analyze the relationship between iodine nutrition and oxidative stress indexes and blood lipids.Results:A total of 1 049 subjects were included, including 471 in the appropriate iodine group and 578 in the iodine excess group. The median (quartile) urinary iodine of the appropriate iodine group and the iodine excess group was 228.70 (157.02, 341.49) and 558.73 (298.06, 985.06) μg/L, respectively. The serum SOD level of the appropriate iodine group and the iodine excess group was 12.60 (10.83, 14.10) and 11.29 (9.18, 13.10) U/ml, respectively, and the difference between the groups was statistically significant ( U = 92 697.50, P < 0.001). There were statistically significant differences in serum TG, HDL-C and apoB levels between the appropriate iodine group and the iodine excess group ( U = 108 879.50, 96 613.50, 99 050.50, P < 0.05). The results of multiple linear regression showed that after excluding age, gender and body mass index (BMI), there was a negative correlation between iodine nutrition and serum SOD and HDL-C levels [standard regression coefficient ( β) = - 0.196, - 0.294, P < 0.001]. Partial correlation analysis showed that there was a negative correlation between iodine nutrition and serum SOD and HDL-C levels [correlation coefficient ( r) = - 0.16, - 0.09, P < 0.05]. Conclusion:Excessive iodine intake affects oxidative stress and lipid metabolism in human body.
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Objective:To clarify the relationship between interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10 gene polymorphisms and autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD).Methods:Literature search was conducted through databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, CNKI, Embase, Wanfang Database and VIP.com, and domestic and foreign literatures related to IL-6, IL-10 gene polymorphisms and AITD were included in the study. The time limit was from the self-built of the databases to July 2021. Meta-analysis was performed with STATA 16.0 software, the odds ratio ( OR) and 95% confidence interval ( CI) were used as effect indicators, random-effect or fixed-effect model was selected according to the heterogeneity results, and the source of heterogeneity was explored through subgroup analysis. Publication bias was assessed using funnel plots and Egger's test. Results:Finally, 19 literatures were included, all in English. There were 12 studies on IL-6 genes and 11 studies on IL-10 genes, including 4 studies on both IL-6 and IL-10 genes. In the whole population, the loci associated with AITD were IL-6 -174 G/C site (GG vs CC + GC: OR =1.94, 95% CI = 1.01 - 3.76), IL-6 -572 G/C site (GG + GC vs CC: OR = 0.49, 95% CI = 0.29 - 0.84; GG vs CC + GC: OR = 0.76, 95% CI = 0.60 - 0.96; GG + CC vs GC: OR = 0.63, 95% CI = 0.49 - 0.81), IL-10 -819 T/C site (TT + TC vs CC: OR = 1.84, 95% CI = 1.01 - 3.34; T vs C: OR = 1.59, 95% CI = 1.00 - 2.51), and IL-10 -1 082 A/G site (AA + AG vs GG: OR = 0.77, 95% CI = 0.64 - 0.92; AA vs GG + AG: OR = 2.03, 95% CI = 1.16 - 3.58; A vs G: OR = 0.76, 95% CI = 0.61 - 0.94). The results of subgroup analysis showed that in Asian population, the loci associated with AITD were IL-6 -174 G/C site (GG vs CC + GC: OR = 4.61, 95% CI = 1.11 - 19.23; G vs C: OR = 0.65, 95% CI = 0.44 - 0.97); IL-6 -572 G/C site (GG vs CC + GC: OR = 0.64, 95% CI = 0.41 - 0.99; GG + CC vs GC: OR = 0.60, 95% CI = 0.38 - 0.94); IL-10 -819 T/C site (TT + TC vs CC: OR = 2.51, 95% CI = 1.48 - 4.25; T vs C: OR = 1.91, 95% CI = 1.05 - 3.46); and IL-10 -1 082 A/G site (AA + AG vs GG: OR = 0.66, 95% CI = 0.52 - 0.84; AA vs GG + AG: OR = 2.83, 95% CI = 1.54 - 5.21; A vs G: OR = 0.66, 95% CI = 0.53 - 0.82). Conclusion:IL-6 -174 G/C, IL-6 -572 G/C, IL-10 -819 T/C and IL-10 -1 082 A/G polymorphisms are associated with the susceptibility to AITD, especially in Asians.
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Objective:To observe the ratio of helper T cells 17 (Th17)/regulatory T cells (Treg) in peripheral blood of patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) and the expression changes of related cytokines in serum, and to explore their role in the occurrence and development of HT.Methods:Using the case-control study method, 35 HT patients examined in the General Hospital of Heilongjiang Beidahuang Group from February to November 2019 were selected as HT group, and 39 healthy people in the same period were selected as control group. Early morning fasting venous blood samples of the two groups were collected to test the levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (FT 4), thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) and thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb). The expressions of serum interleukin (IL)-6, IL-17 and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); the number of Th17, Treg in peripheral blood were determined by flow cytometry. Results:The levels of TPOAb, TgAb and TSH in HT group [130.60 (43.37, 714.40), 368.10 (136.90, 1 103.00) U/ml, 9.05 (6.62, 15.23) μU/ml] were significantly higher than those in control group [2.66 (1.52, 4.69), 12.63 (11.43, 14.60) U/ml, 1.87 (1.36, 2.23) μU/ml, U = 6.87, 6.62, 4.85, P < 0.001], and the FT 4 level [0.76 (0.63, 1.04) ng/dl] was lower than that in control group [1.14 (1.02, 1.26) ng/dl, U = 7.39, P < 0.001]. The expressions of IL-6, IL-17 and TGF-β in HT group were higher than those in control group ( t = 2.41, 9.04, 2.44, P < 0.05). The number of Th17 and the ratio of Th17/Treg in HT group were higher than those in control group ( t = 4.20, 3.50, P < 0.05), and the number of Treg was lower than that in control group ( t = 4.45, P = 0.001). Conclusion:In HT patients, Th17 are increased, Treg decreased, Th17/Treg ratio increased, and the expressions of IL-6, IL-17 and TGF-β are increased.
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Objective:To observe the mRNA and protein expression levels of thyroid stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR), protein kinase A (PKA) and sodium iodine transporter (NIS) in mammary gland tissue of lactating rats with different iodine nutrition levels, and to explore the role of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)-THSR-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-PKA signal pathway in the process of mammary iodine uptake during lactation.Methods:Using a group design, according to body weight (80 - 100 g), 110 Wistar female rats were randomly divided into normal iodine (NI) group, severe iodine deficiency (SID) group, moderately iodine deficiency (MID) group, moderately iodine excess (MIE) group and severe iodine excess (SIE) group, with 22 rats in each group. Another 22 Wistar male rats were selected, and the feeding situation was consistent with that of NI group. After 3 months of feeding, 24-hour urine samples of female rats were collected, and the female rats were caged with the male rats (5 ∶ 1). After mating, each female rat was fed separately. At 10 days of childbirth, the lactating rats were sacrificed and thyroid and mammary gland tissues were taken. The urinary iodine was determined by arsenic cerium catalytic spectrophotometry. The morphological changes of thyroid and mammary gland tissues were observed by HE staining. The mRNA expression levels of TSHR, PKA and NIS in thyroid and mammary gland tissues were measured by real-time PCR; the protein expression levels of TSHR, PKA, phosphorylated PKA (p-PKA), and NIS in mammary gland tissue were measured by Western blotting.Results:Compared with NI group (162.59 μg/L), the median urinary iodine of female rats in SID and MID groups (3.16, 6.36 μg/L) was lower, and the median urinary iodine of female rats in MIE and SIE groups (2 356.27, 11 507.29 μg/L) was higher ( P < 0.01). HE staining showed that different levels of iodine uptake had different effects on thyroid follicles: most of the follicles in NI group were uniform round or oval; in MID group, the number of small follicles increased, the epithelial cells were monolayer columnar or cubic, the follicular cavity became smaller, and the glia decreased; the follicles in SID group became smaller, and the epithelial cells were columnar or high columnar, with reduced or absent glia in the follicular cavity; pleomorphic changes were found in thyroid follicles in SIE and MIE groups, with some follicles significantly enlarged and some small follicles hyperplasia. Different levels of iodine intake had different effects on mammary duct: compared with NI group, the connective tissue around the mammary duct in SID and MID groups showed obvious fibrosis, while the fibrosis in MIE and SIE groups was significantly reduced. The results of real-time PCR showed that there were significant differences in the mRNA expression levels of TSHR, PKA and NIS in thyroid tissues of lactating rats with different levels of iodine nutrition ( F = 10.73, 92.37, 115.75, P < 0.01). There were statistically differences in the mRNA expression levels of TSHR, PKA and NIS in mammary gland tissues of lactating rats with different levels of iodine nutrition ( F = 40.25, 39.63, 14.92, P < 0.05). Western blotting results showed that there were significant differences in the protein expression levels of TSHR, PKA, p-PKA and NIS in mammary gland tissues of lactating rats with different levels of iodine nutrition ( F = 4.14, 6.73, 8.48, 4.51, P < 0.05). Among them, the protein expression level of TSHR in MIE and SIE groups was lower than that in NI group ( P < 0.05); the protein expression level of PKA in SID and MID groups was higher than that in NI group ( P < 0.05); the protein expression level of p-PKA in SID group was higher than that in NI group, but that in SIE group was lower than that in NI group ( P < 0.05), the protein expression level of NIS in SID group was higher than that in NI group ( P < 0.05). Conclusions:The mRNA and protein expression levels of TSHR are decreased in mammary gland tissues of lactating rats with high iodine intake, while the mRNA and protein expression levels of PKA and NIS are increased in low iodine intake. TSH-TSHR-cAMP-PKA signal pathway may be involved in the regulation of iodine intake in mammary gland tissue of lactating rats, which may protect itself and its offspring.
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Objective:To verify the determination method of iodine in serum by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and to evaluate the consistency between ICP-MS and As 3+-Ce 4+ catalytic spectrophotometry in determination of serum iodine. Methods:Serum iodine concentration was determined by ICP-MS, 187Re was used as an internal standard, and ralated parameters were optimized. Eighty-eight serum samples were simultaneously determined by ICP-MS and As 3+-Ce 4+ catalytic spectrophotometry, and the evaluation indexes included determination range of standard curve, detection limit, precision, accuracy. In addition, we also evaluated the consistency of the two methods through inter-group correlation analysis, intra-group correlation coefficient analysis, Passing-Bablok regression and Bland-Altman analysis. Results:The linear range of ICP-MS standard curve was 0 - 300 μg/L. There was a good linear correlation between iodine concentration value and iodine response value, and the correlation coefficient range was 0.999 8 to 0.999 9. The detection limit of the ICP-MS method was 1.96 μg/L. The relative standard deviation ( RSD) ranged from 0.2% to 1.4% and from 0.4% to 1.8% for intra and inter-batch precision tests of serum samples. The recovery rate ranged from 90.44% to 108.71%. The correlation analysis of 88 serum samples showed that there was a good correlation between the two methods ( r = 0.934, P < 0.05), and the intra-class correlation coefficient was 0.932. The results of Passing-Bablok regression showed that there was no significant difference between the two methods ( P > 0.05). Bland-Altman diagram suggested that the results of the two methods were consistent. Conclusions:ICP-MS method has low detection limit, high precision and accuracy. ICP-MS method is simple, rapid, easy and suitable for determination of iodine in large quantities of serum samples. The results of the two methods for determining serum iodine are consistent.
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Objective:To explore the serum different metabolites in population of dietary intervention with high iodine.Methods:Thirty-eight healthy volunteers were recruited in Harbin Medical University, all women, aged > 20 years. Dietary intervention was carried out by eating iodine-rich food (kelp) for 11 consecutive days. The effect of intervention was evaluated through urinary iodine test. Peripheral blood was collected, the metabolic alterations associated with high iodine intake before and after intervention were investigated using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF MSMS). Multivariate statistical analysis was used to screen potential biomarkers. And disturbed metabolic pathway analysis was performed.Results:The medians urinary iodine before and after intervention were 129.48 and 795.94 μg/L, respectively. A total of 20 serum biomarkers were screened and their chemical structures were identified. Glycerol phospholipid metabolic pathway, tryptophan metabolic pathway and pentose and glucuronate interconversions pathway were closely related with high iodine intake (impact value > 0.1).Conclusions:After the intervention of high iodine diet, there are obvious differential metabolites in peripheral blood, which may be used as biomarkers for evaluation of population iodine nutrition. High iodine intake has an impact on metabolic pathway of glycerol phospholipid in human body.
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Objective:By establishing a rat model of experimental autoimmune thyroiditis(EAT), to investigate the effects of different iodine intake on the hippocampal morphology, monoamine neurotransmitters and ethology of the offspring of EAT rats.Methods:A total of 60 female and 20 male Lewis rats with a body weight of 50 - 60 g were selected. Female rats were divided into 4 groups (15 rats in each group) with random number table method according to their body weight: control group (NI group), thyroglobulin group (Tg group), Tg + high iodine Ⅰ group (Tg + HⅠ group), and Tg + high iodine Ⅱ group (Tg + HⅡ group), and the latter three groups were model groups. The contents of iodine in drinking water of the 4 groups were 100 μg/L, 100 μg/L, 20 mg/L and 200 mg/L, respectively. Rats in the model groups were immunized with porcine thyroglobulin (PTg) subcutaneously at multiple sites, and the NI group was injected with normal saline, once every 2 weeks, 3 times in total. The rats in each group were mated in cages according to the ratio of 3 : 1 between female and male. After experiment of the offspring, the urine samples of mother rats were collected within the previous week, urinary iodine concentration was determined by As 3+-Ce 4+ catalytic spectrophotometry; then the mother rats were killed, HE staining was used to observe the changes of thyroid histomorphology and the infiltration of inflammatory cells; serum thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb) and thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) of mother rats were determined by radioimmunoassay. Brain tissues were collected from 7 days old offspring, hippocampal morphology of 7 days old offspring was observed by toluidine blue staining; the contents of norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in brain tissues of 7 days old offspring were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); 30 and 60 days old offspring were used for water maze-location navigation test and open field test. Results:The levels of urinary iodine increased significantly of mother rats in Tg + HⅠ and Tg + HⅡ groups than that in NI group (median, μg/L: 35 380.18, 236 847.16 vs 221.43, P < 0.05). HE staining showed that the thyroid tissue of mother rats in Tg, Tg + HⅠ and Tg + HⅡ groups had different degrees of destruction and inflammatory cells infiltration, and the degree of destruction and infiltration increased with the increase of iodine intake. Compared with NI group, the contents of TgAb and TPOAb in serum of mother rats in Tg, Tg + HⅠ and Tg + HⅡ groups were significantly increased(2.118 4 ± 0.675 1, 2.103 0 ± 0.714 1, 2.783 6 ± 1.084 3 vs 0.790 1 ± 0.101 0, P < 0.05; 1.015 8 ± 0.252 8, 1.019 5 ± 0.202 0, 0.936 6 ± 0.183 4 vs 0.692 2 ± 0.111 9, P < 0.05), and the content of TgAb in Tg + HⅡ group was significantly higher than that in Tg and Tg + HⅠ groups ( P < 0.05). Compared with NI group, the number of hippocampal neurons decreased and relative damage occurred in Tg, Tg + HⅠ and Tg + HⅡ groups of the offspring. Compared with NI group, the NE contents in brain tissues of the offspring in Tg, Tg + HⅠ and Tg + HⅡ groups decreased (pg/ml: 1 232.01 ± 253.45, 1 197.64 ± 222.46, 1 074.40 ± 366.38 vs 1 733.67 ± 158.12, P < 0.05); there were no significant differences in DA and 5-HT contents in brain tissues of offspring in each group ( P > 0.05). In the water maze-location navigation test, the latency of the Tg + HⅡ group on the 4th day of the 30 days old offspring reaching the platform was significantly longer than that of the NI and Tg groups ( P < 0.05). In the open field test, there was no significant difference in 30 and 60 days old offspring in the latency of moving the original quadrant ( P > 0.05). Conclusions:With the increase of iodine intake, the degrees of thyroid tissue destruction and inflammatory cells infiltration in EAT rats increase, and the levels of TgAb in serum increase significantly. Iodine has certain effects on the hippocampal morphology and the level of monoamine neurotransmitters in the brains of the offspring of EAT rats. The effects of different iodine-induced EAT rats on their offspring's learning, memory and spatial exploration are mainly shown in childhood.
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Objective:Experimental autoimmune thyroiditis (EAT) rat model was establish to observe the effects of iodine excess on thyroid function, antibody and thyrotropin receptor (TSHR) gene expression in EAT rats, and to explore the role of TSHR gene in autoimmune thyroiditis.Methods:According to body weight (80 - 180 g), 48 rats (4-week-old female Lewis) were randomly divided into control group, thyroglobulin (TG) group, TG + high iodine Ⅰ(TG + HⅠ) group, and TG + high iodine Ⅱ (TG + HⅡ) group, 12 rats per group. The iodine concentration in drinking water given to each group was 50 μg/L, 50 μg/L, 20 mg/L and 200 mg/L, respectively. At the same time, rats in TG, TG + HⅠ and TG + HⅡ groups were immunized once every two weeks for three times using pTg and CFA as immunoreagent. Paraffin embedded sections of thyroid tissues were used to observe the pathological changes of rats. The serum levels of thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb), thyroperoxidase autoantibody (TPOAb), free triiodothyronine (FT 3) and free thyroxine (FT 4) in rats were determined by radioimmunoassay. Serum TSHR content in rats was determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The expression of TSHR mRNA in whole blood and thyroid tissue of rats was determined by RT-PCR. The expression of TSHR protein in thyroid tissue of rats was determined by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Results:Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) showed that the thyroid follicles in control group were complete in structure and regular in shape, and no lymphocyte infiltration was observed. A small number of lymphocytes were observed in TG group and scattered in distribution. Follicular structure destruction, fusion and interfollicular infiltration were observed in TG + HⅠ group and TG + HⅡ group. There were significant differences in serum TgAb, TPOAb, FT 3 and FT 4 levels among all groups ( H = 30.28, 21.99, 12.87, 26.69, P < 0.05). Compared to the control group [6.89 (6.32, 7.27), 11.02 (7.60, 12.53), 5.05 (2.71, 7.99), 7.51 (6.50, 9.24) pmol/L], the levels of TgAb [34.99 (25.39, 41.35), 37.70 (29.06, 43.99), 46.41 (38.52, 55.26)], TPOAb [22.87 (13.65, 31.82), 22.22 (14.82, 28.33), 14.61 (12.95, 19.34)], FT 3 [57.74 (24.56, 64.27), 43.64 (5.69, 80.03), 38.56 (17.73, 47.59) pmol/L], and FT 4 [62.16 (41.22, 91.57), 60.61 (35.52, 103.31), 47.96 (31.84, 112.71) pmol/L] were significantly higher in TG group, TG + HⅠ group, and TG + HⅡ group ( P < 0.05). Compared with the control group [(249.37 ± 38.12) μU/L], TG group [(225.33 ± 41.28) μU/L], and TG + HⅠ group [(218.15 ± 65.51) μU/L], TSHR expression level in TG + HⅡ group [(154.26 ± 25.95) μU/L] were significantly decreased ( P < 0.05). The mRNA expression levels of TSHR gene in the whole blood (0.89 ± 0.19, 0.89 ± 0.30, 0.85 ± 0.24) and thyroid tissue(0.63 ± 0.25, 0.46 ± 0.16, 0.51 ± 0.25) of TG group, TG + HⅠ group and TG + HⅡ group were significantly lower than that of control group (1.00 ± 0.05, 1.13 ± 0.21, P < 0.05). IHC showed that the positive intensity of TSHR protein in control group was significantly higher than that in TG group, TG + HⅠ group and TG + HⅡ group. Conclusions:Long-term exposure to high iodine will eventually lead to the damage of iodine-uptake function in thyroid gland and thyroid diseases. Abnormal expression of TSHR gene may lead to antigenicity of thyrotropin binding site in extracellular receptor region and autoimmune thyroid disease.
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Objective To understand the effects of different water iodine level on iodine nutrition and thyroid function in pregnant women,and provide a reference for prevention and treatment of iodine deficiency disorders in the future.Methods According to the background material of water iodine in provinces given non-iodized salt,the administrative villages with water iodine content ＜ 10,10-49,50-99,100-299 and ≥ 300 μg/L were selected as survey sites in Shandong,Shanxi,Hebei,Henan,Jiangsu and Anhui provinces.Urine,blood,drinking water and salt samples were collected from pregnant women at the site of investigation,and urinary iodine,serum iodine,thyroid function and antibody index,water iodine,and salt iodine were measured;thyroid volume was also examined.Results A total of 575 pregnant women were investigated.The medians urinary iodine of pregnant women with water iodine ＜ 10,10-49,50-99,100-299 and ≥300 μg/L groups were 175.55,180.90,139.70,330.15 and 817.70 μg/L,respectively,and the differences were statistically significant in different water iodine groups (H =152.593,P ＜ 0.01).The levels of serum iodine and free thyroxine (FT4) were significantly different among pregnant women in different water iodine groups (H =82.843,F =3.070,P ＜ 0.01 or ＜ 0.05).However,there was no significant difference in serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels (H =1.774,P ＞ 0.05).And with the increase of water iodine levels,the abnormal rate of TSH showed the phenomenon of middle low and both ends high ("U" type,x2 =16.729,P ＜ 0.01).There were no significant differences in the positive rates of serum thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb),thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb),any antibody and double antibodies in pregnant women among different water iodine groups (P ＞ 0.05).And there was a statistically significant difference in the detection rate of subclinical hypothyroidism (x2 =11.869,P ＜ 0.05).The rates of goiter in pregnant women among different water iodine groups were less than 5％.The difference in detection rates of thyroid nodules was statistically significant (x2 =13.591,P ＜ 0.05),and the rate was the highest in water iodine ≥300 μg/L group (21.33％,16/75).Conclusions In water iodine ≥300 μg/L group,urinary iodine level of pregnant women is in the level of iodine excess,and serum iodine level,FT4 level,thyroid nodules detection rate are higher.The abnormal rate of serum TSH and the detection rate of hypothyroidism show a "U" curve that increases at iodine deficiency and iodine excess.
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Objective To observe prolactin (PRL) and estradiol (E2) levels in lactating women in different iodine nutrition areas.Methods According to the recent national water-borne high iodine area survey and the monitoring results of iodine deficiency disorders,the following places were selected,including Nankang,Xinggang and Yingpan towns of Beihai City,Guangxi (water iodine ≤ 10 μg/L,low iodine areas),Yangcheng Township and Jiajiazhuang Township of Fenyang City,Shanxi (water iodine 50-100 μg/L,adaptive iodine areas),Pingyao County and Jicun Town of Fenyang City,Shanxi (water iodine ≥300 μg/L,high iodine areas),and urinary and blood samples were collected in lactating women (n =100,97,123) from the three regions.The urinary iodine concentration was tested by arsenic cerium catalytic spectrophotometry.Serum levels of PRL and E2 were determined by chemiluminescence immunoassay.Results The urinary iodine medians of lactating women were 51.42,283.62,842.31 μg/L,respectively,in the three regions,the difference between the regions was statistically significant (x2 =241.09,P ＜ 0.05);the iodine levels of lactating women in low iodine areas,adaptive iodine areas and high iodine areas were in the state of iodine deficiency (＜ 100 μg/L),sufficient or adequate (200-299 μg/L) and iodine excess status (≥ 300 μg/L),respectively.Serum PRL and E2 levels of lactating women in the three types of areas were 38.81,20.98,16.41 μg/L and 29.57,43.70,45.51 ng/L,respectively.The differences between the regions were statistically significant (x2 =41.54,24.03,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion With the increase of iodine nutrition level,PRL in lactating women has presented a gradually decreasing trend,E2 is increased.
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Objective To assess iodine nutrition and thyroid function in children and pregnant women before and after iodized salt concentration decline,and investigate the appropriate concentration of iodized salt.Methods Cluster sampling was carried out,study areas in Shandong and Gansu provinces were selected according to the coverage rate of iodized salt which was more than 95％ and the levels of iodine and fluoride in drinking water which were less than or equal to 10 μg/L and 1 mg/L,respectively in 2012 and 2014.Before (2012) and after (2014) iodized salt concentration decline:children and pregnant women were selected;salt,drinking water and urinary samples were collected;the iodine content of salt,the iodine and fluoride content of drinking water,and urinary iodine were tested.B ultrasound was used to examine the thyroid volume and the total goiter rate (TGR) was calculated in children.The blood sample was collected to test thyrotropin (TSH) and thyroglobulin (Tg) in the 2 groups of subjects.Results Before iodized salt concentration decline,the children median urinary iodine (MUI) concentrations of Shandong and Gansu provinces were 291.4 and 321.9 μg/L,which at the over appropriate and overdose levels,respectively.MUI of Shandong and Gansu provinces were 220.5 and 274.7 μg/L in pregnant women,which were at adequate and over appropriate levels.After iodized salt concentration decline,MUI of Shandong and Gansu provinces were 199.8 and 178.2 μg/L in children,and were 178.6 and 159.2 μg/L in pregnant women,which were all at adequate levels.Children's TGR declined from 7.95％ (7/88) to 5.88％ (7/119) in Shandong Province,children's TGR rose to 5.77％ (6/104) from 2.06％ (2/97) in Gansu Province,there was no statistical differences (x2 =0.34,1.81,P ＞ 0.05).Before and after iodized salt concentration decline,there were no differences statistically in TSH levels of children and pregnant women in Shandong and Gansu provinces (Z =-1.08,-0.83,-1.30,-0.80,P ＞ 0.05).Mter iodized salt concentration decline,the Tg levels were significantly lower than that before intervention in children and pregnant women in Shandong Province (Z =-10.78,-7.04,P ＜0.01);the Tg level was increased than that before intervention in pregnant women group in Gansu Province (Z =-2.78,P ＜ 0.01).Conclusion After iodized salt concentration declined,iodine nutrition and thyroid function status of Shandong Province are reasonable,but the indicators of Gansu Province have a trend of iodine deficiency,monitoring needs to be strengthened,and iodized salt content needs to be adjusted in time.
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Objective To understand tobacco use rate and explore the factors associated with tobacco use in middle school students in China.Methods A self-administered questionnaire survey was conducted among 155 117 eligible middle students selected through multi-stage stratified cluster sampling from 31 provinces of China.The questionnaire consists of the following topics:tobacco use and cessation,passive smoking,access to tobacco products,tobacco control and tobacco advertisement,and knowledge about and attitudes to tobacco.Software SAS 9.3 was used for sample weighting and data analysis.Results Current tobacco use rate was 6.9％ in middle school students in China.The rate was higher in boys (11.2％) than in girls (2.2％),and in rural area (7.8％) than in urban area (4.8％).Students in western area had the highest tobacco use rate (10.3％),followed by the students in middle area (6.4％),and the rate in students in eastern area was lowest (4.5％).Parent smoking (especially mother smoking),friend smoking,teacher smoking,pocket money for a week ＞ 20 yuan,tobacco advertisement or promotion,passive smoking,misconception of tobacco addiction,active attitude to smoking behavior were the risk factors for tobacco use.Conclusions Smoking rate in boys in China was higher than the average global level.A comprehensive intervention strategy by Framework Convention on Tobacco Control should be used to reduce tobacco use in adolescents,including health education,increasing cigarette price,banning tobacco advertisement and promotion,and smoke-free legislation.
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After WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control coming into force for 11 years,the tobacco control has made progress in the world and China.Development and implementation of tobacco control policy are fundamental for tobacco control.This paper introduces the effects of different tobacco control policies in different countries,summarizes the progress and challenges in prohibiting smoking in public place in China.In China,the goal of health for all can be only met by achieving smoke-free.
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Objective To elucidate the function of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-protein kinase B (AKT) signaling pathway underlying the regulation of Na+-I-symporter (NIS) and the influence of different levels of iodine on PI3K-AKT signaling pathway in lactating breast cells.Methods The primary cultured mammary gland cells were divided into three groups:①control group [0 μmol/L LY294002 + 0 μg/L insulin-like growth factor Ⅰ (IGF-Ⅰ)];②stimulation group (50 μg/L IGF-Ⅰ);③inhibition group (40 μmo]/L LY294002 + 50 μg/L IGF-Ⅰ).In addition,the cells were treated with different iodine contents (0,5,50,1 000,3 000 μg/L) for low iodine groups 1 and 2,iodine group,high iodine groups 1 and 2,and IGF-Ⅰ (50 μg/L) was used to stimulate PI3K-AKT signaling pathway.The expressions of AKT and NIS mRNA and protein were determined by real-time quantitative PCR and Western blotting,respectively.Results The expression of AKT mRNA (1.497 ± 0.550) in stimulation group was higher than that in inhibition group (0.777 ± 0.108,P ＜ 0.05),while the expression of NIS mRNA and protein in stimulation group (0.783 ± 0.187,0.618 ± 0.103) was lower than those in inhibition group (2.430 ± 1.423,1.417 ± 0.250,all P ＜ 0.05).With the iodine concentration increasing,except high iodine group 1 (1.090 ± 0.356),the expression of AKT mRNA in low iodine groups 1 and 2,iodine group,high iodine group 2 (1.758 ± 0.893,1.320 ± 0.538,1.003 ± 0.006,0.745 ± 0.307) tended to decline;total AKT protein (0.640 ± 0.106,0.601 ± 0.081,0.583 ± 0.089,0.555 ± 0.097,0.532 ± 0.023) and NIS mRNA (2.259 ± 0.682,1.823 ± 0.332,1.409 ± 0.366,1.321 ± 0.405,1.150 ± 0.454) tended to decline in low iodine groups 1 and 2,iodine group,high iodine groups 1 and 2;except low iodine group 2 (0.484 ± 0.179),NIS protein expression tended to decline (0.556 ± 0.199,0.502 ± 0.179,0.455 ± 0.126,0.435 ± 0.138);however,except low iodine group 2 (0.076 ± 0.045),the p-AKT protein expressions (0.078 ± 0.049,0.079 ± 0.040,0.085 ± 0.055,0.095 ± 0.051) were on the rise.Conclusion PI3K-AKT signaling pathway may play an inhibition role in the expression of NIS in lactating breast cells.
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Objective To study the current prevention and control status of iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) and learn the current situation of iodized salt consumption at household level in non-high iodine areas in 2015,this surveillance was conducted.Methods In 2015,according to National Surveillance Program on Iodine Deficiency Disorders,the surveillance was conducted at county level in 31 provinces,municipalities,autonomous regions (provinces) and Xinjiang Production and Construction corps (Xinjiang Corps).In each county city,district,banner (county),5 townships were randomly selected according to their sub-area positions of east,west,south,north and center;4 villages were randomly sampled in each chosen township;15 households were randomly selected in each chosen village.Edible salt sample was collected from each household.The iodine level in salt was determined by direct titration;the salt samples from Sichuan and other enhanced salt samples were detected by arbitration.Results There were totally 2 840 counties that reported the surveillance data.In total,849 193 salt samples were examined,including 845 906 salts determined by direct titration and 3 287 samples determined only by semi-quantitative detection.Weighted by population,the national coverage rate of iodized salt was 98.37％.At provincial level,the coverage rate of iodized salt was higher than 95％ except Tianjin,Shanghai and Shandong.At county level,2 669 counties had a coverage rate of iodized salt higher than or equal to 95％,171 counties were lower than 95％,and 31 counties were less than 80％.The national consumption rate of qualified iodized salt was 94.57％ (except 11 counties in Tibet).At provincial level,the consumption rate of qualified iodized salt was higher than 90％ except Shanghai (66.84％),Tianjin (79.14％),Tibet (82.09％) and Qinghai (89.22％).At county level,totally 2 633 counties had a rate of qualified iodized salt higher than 90％,and 196 counties were lower than 90％.The mean of iodine content in iodized salt was (25.37 ± 4.57) mg/kg.At provincial level,the means of iodine content in iodized salt were in the range of 23.51-28.95 mg/kg and the variable coefficient (CV) was in the range of 12.17％-27.37％,the CV was higher than 15％ in 24 provinces and Xinjiang Corps.Conclusions The coverage rate of iodized salt and the qualified iodized salt at national level are in a good condition.However,the problem of non-iodized salt is still serious in some provinces.
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Objective To observe the high iodine induced thyroid goiter condition,iodine nutritional status and coverage rate of non-iodized salt in high water iodine areas.Methods The household non-iodized salt was monitored in counties (cities,regions) of high water iodine areas and high iodine diseased areas in Tianjin,Hebei,Shanxi,Jiangsu,Anhui,Shandong,Henan and Shaanxi provinces.Among the monitoring sites,where the water iodine were 150-300 μg/L or higher than 300 μg/L,50％ of the them were selected to investigate the water iodine,children urinary iodine and thyroid volume of children in high iodine counties.Results Household edible salt was monitored in 110 counties of 8 provinces,with a total of 25 597 salt samples.The number of non-iodized salt was 24 640,and the coverage rate of non-iodized salt was 96.3％.After being weighted based on the population of counties,the coverage rate of non-iodized salt was 96.9％.In all,73 survey areas include 183 663 people,64 monitoring sites (87.7％) where the water iodine level were higher or equal to 150 μg/L and the median of water iodine was 250.8 μg/L.Totally 5 991 children aged 6-12 were measured thyroid volume,the total goiter rate was 6.2％,the children thyroid goiter rate was higher than 5％ in Hebei,Shanxi,Henan,Tianjin and Shandong provinces.Totally 4 618 children were detected urinary iodine,the median urinary iodine concentration was 373.0 μg/L,and the children median urinary iodine concentration was exceeded 300 μg/L in Tianjin,Hebei,Shanxi,Jiangsu and Shandong provinces.The children urinary iodine concentration and goiter rate increased gradually with increasing of water iodine content.Conclusions The non-iodized salt coverage rate is high in high water iodine areas,most monitored areas have changed drinking water sources,but the median water iodine concentration is still higher than 150 μg/L.Children median urinary iodine concentration is higher than 300 μg/L,iodine is in a excessive status.The children total goiter rate is higher than 5％.Some countermeasures are proposed to search low iodine water,change water sources,do health education,and add other surveillance measures,such as thyroid function detection on target groups,and so on.
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Objective To investigate the population nutritional status of iodine in areas at high risk of iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) in our country and provide scientific basis for development control strategy to IDD.Methods According to the national IDD surveillance protocol which was revised in 2012,township (town,street office) as a unit,seven provinces including Zhejiang,Fujian,Guangdong,Guangxi,Henan,Qinghai and Xinjiang,32 monitoring counties in high-risk areas were chosen into the survey by simple random sampling.New cretinism cases were searched,the thyroid volume was examined in children,the urinary iodine in children and pregnant woman,and the family salt iodine level was tested.Results The survey found no suspected cases and no confirmed endemic cretinism cases.The goiter rate was 1.8％ (141/7 968)and the median of urinary iodine was 163.0 μg/L in children in the 7 project provinces.In addition to the median urinary iodine of 305.1 μg/L in Henan children,the median urinary iodine in other provinces was in the 100-199 μ.g/L.The median of urinary iodine in pregnant women was 120.8 μg/L,in addition to the median urinary iodine of 234.9 μg/L in pregnant women in Henan,the median urinary iodine of pregnant women in other provinces was less than 150 μg/L.The coverage rate of iodized salt in the 7 project provinces was 80.3％ (1 577/1 963),the coverage rate of iodized salt was less than 80％ in Guangxi,Qinghai,Fujian and Zhejiang.The 176 villages in the 6 project provinces were surveyed iodized salt bought through network,except Qinghai.Sale of iodized salt from salt retail accounted for 96.3％ (737/765).Survey of the 7 provinces of 2 024 women,pregnant women found that purchased salt accounted for 87.3％(1 766/2 024).Purchased and replaced salts was accounted for 3.6％ (72/2 024) and 9.2％ (186/2 024),respectively.The survey did not found a children who had taken iodine oil,only 47.5％(487/1 026) of pregnant women in Xinjiang had taken iodine oil.Conclusions The iodine nutrition level is appropriate in children in the areas at high risk of IDD,but the iodine nutrition level in pregnant women is low.Some areas should improve the coverage rate of iodized salt and iodized salt concentration,take health education at the right moment,promote iodized salt for pregnant women,and prevent new cretinism cases.
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Objective To observe the high iodine induced thyroid goiter condition,iodine nutritional status and coverage rate of non-iodized salt in high water iodine areas.Methods The household non-iodized salt was monitored in counties (cities,regions) of high water iodine areas and high iodine diseased areas in Tianjin,Hebei,Shanxi,Jiangsu,Anhui,Shandong,Henan and Shaanxi provinces.Among the monitoring sites,where the water iodine were 150-300 μg/L or higher than 300 μg/L,50％ of the them were selected to investigate the water iodine,children urinary iodine and thyroid volume of children in high iodine counties.Results Household edible salt was monitored in 110 counties of 8 provinces,with a total of 25 597 salt samples.The number of non-iodized salt was 24 640,and the coverage rate of non-iodized salt was 96.3％.After being weighted based on the population of counties,the coverage rate of non-iodized salt was 96.9％.In all,73 survey areas include 183 663 people,64 monitoring sites (87.7％) where the water iodine level were higher or equal to 150 μg/L and the median of water iodine was 250.8 μg/L.Totally 5 991 children aged 6-12 were measured thyroid volume,the total goiter rate was 6.2％,the children thyroid goiter rate was higher than 5％ in Hebei,Shanxi,Henan,Tianjin and Shandong provinces.Totally 4 618 children were detected urinary iodine,the median urinary iodine concentration was 373.0 μg/L,and the children median urinary iodine concentration was exceeded 300 μg/L in Tianjin,Hebei,Shanxi,Jiangsu and Shandong provinces.The children urinary iodine concentration and goiter rate increased gradually with increasing of water iodine content.Conclusions The non-iodized salt coverage rate is high in high water iodine areas,most monitored areas have changed drinking water sources,but the median water iodine concentration is still higher than 150 μg/L.Children median urinary iodine concentration is higher than 300 μg/L,iodine is in a excessive status.The children total goiter rate is higher than 5％.Some countermeasures are proposed to search low iodine water,change water sources,do health education,and add other surveillance measures,such as thyroid function detection on target groups,and so on.
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Objective To investigate the population nutritional status of iodine in areas at high risk of iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) in our country and provide scientific basis for development control strategy to IDD.Methods According to the national IDD surveillance protocol which was revised in 2012,township (town,street office) as a unit,seven provinces including Zhejiang,Fujian,Guangdong,Guangxi,Henan,Qinghai and Xinjiang,32 monitoring counties in high-risk areas were chosen into the survey by simple random sampling.New cretinism cases were searched,the thyroid volume was examined in children,the urinary iodine in children and pregnant woman,and the family salt iodine level was tested.Results The survey found no suspected cases and no confirmed endemic cretinism cases.The goiter rate was 1.8％ (141/7 968)and the median of urinary iodine was 163.0 μg/L in children in the 7 project provinces.In addition to the median urinary iodine of 305.1 μg/L in Henan children,the median urinary iodine in other provinces was in the 100-199 μ.g/L.The median of urinary iodine in pregnant women was 120.8 μg/L,in addition to the median urinary iodine of 234.9 μg/L in pregnant women in Henan,the median urinary iodine of pregnant women in other provinces was less than 150 μg/L.The coverage rate of iodized salt in the 7 project provinces was 80.3％ (1 577/1 963),the coverage rate of iodized salt was less than 80％ in Guangxi,Qinghai,Fujian and Zhejiang.The 176 villages in the 6 project provinces were surveyed iodized salt bought through network,except Qinghai.Sale of iodized salt from salt retail accounted for 96.3％ (737/765).Survey of the 7 provinces of 2 024 women,pregnant women found that purchased salt accounted for 87.3％(1 766/2 024).Purchased and replaced salts was accounted for 3.6％ (72/2 024) and 9.2％ (186/2 024),respectively.The survey did not found a children who had taken iodine oil,only 47.5％(487/1 026) of pregnant women in Xinjiang had taken iodine oil.Conclusions The iodine nutrition level is appropriate in children in the areas at high risk of IDD,but the iodine nutrition level in pregnant women is low.Some areas should improve the coverage rate of iodized salt and iodized salt concentration,take health education at the right moment,promote iodized salt for pregnant women,and prevent new cretinism cases.
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Objective To understand tobacco use rate and explore the factors associated with tobacco use in middle school students in China.Methods A self-administered questionnaire survey was conducted among 155 117 eligible middle students selected through multi-stage stratified cluster sampling from 31 provinces of China.The questionnaire consists of the following topics:tobacco use and cessation,passive smoking,access to tobacco products,tobacco control and tobacco advertisement,and knowledge about and attitudes to tobacco.Software SAS 9.3 was used for sample weighting and data analysis.Results Current tobacco use rate was 6.9％ in middle school students in China.The rate was higher in boys (11.2％) than in girls (2.2％),and in rural area (7.8％) than in urban area (4.8％).Students in western area had the highest tobacco use rate (10.3％),followed by the students in middle area (6.4％),and the rate in students in eastern area was lowest (4.5％).Parent smoking (especially mother smoking),friend smoking,teacher smoking,pocket money for a week ＞ 20 yuan,tobacco advertisement or promotion,passive smoking,misconception of tobacco addiction,active attitude to smoking behavior were the risk factors for tobacco use.Conclusions Smoking rate in boys in China was higher than the average global level.A comprehensive intervention strategy by Framework Convention on Tobacco Control should be used to reduce tobacco use in adolescents,including health education,increasing cigarette price,banning tobacco advertisement and promotion,and smoke-free legislation.